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51.
GUNNAR ØSTREM NILS HAAKENSEN HANS CHR. OLSEN 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2005,87(1):243-258
ABSTRACT. The retreat of Nigardsbreen, an outlet glacier from the ice-cap Jostedalsbreen in south-central Norway, from its largest extent during the Little Ice Age, uncovered a proglacial lake during 1936–1967. This lake, Nigardsvatn, has been studied since 1968 in order to obtain data on solid material carried by the meltwater stream from the glacier, both in suspension and as bottom load. Between 70 and 85% of the suspended sediment has been deposited on the lake bottom, forming annual varves. The coarse material has been deposited in a delta, the formation of which started in 1968. Its growth, and hence the volume of total annual bottom load, has been surveyed annually for the past 36 years. In 1969 the entire bottom load was collected by building a fence-like net across the river. Material >3 cm was caught by this net, and formed approximately half the amount of suspended sediment transport during the same three-week period. Annual average deposition on the delta was 11800×103 kg for the period 1968–2003. This is almost the same amount as carried in suspension from the glacier on an annual mean basis for the 36-year period. If conditions remain constant, the lake will be completely filled in about 500 years. The glacier erosion is calculated to be 0.3 mm/a. 相似文献
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54.
Proof of settlement-time curve appearing “S” shape with ramp load
and its application base on stress-strain relationship 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Based on stress-strain relationship of soil, the proof is made for that s-t curve appears “S” shape when the load is increased linearly, which is similar to construction process. A new model of forecasting the relation of settlement-time is presented. Case history shows the rationality of the method. 相似文献
55.
Temporal and spatial variations in water flow and sediment load in Narmada River Basin, India: natural and man-made factors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Narmada River flows through the Deccan volcanics and transports water and sediments to the adjacent Arabian Sea. In a
first-ever attempt, spatial and temporal (annual, seasonal, monthly and daily) variations in water discharge and sediment
loads of Narmada River and its tributaries and the probable causes for these variations are discussed. The study has been
carried out with data from twenty-two years of daily water discharge at nineteen locations and sediment concentrations data
at fourteen locations in the entire Narmada River Basin. Water flow in the river is a major factor influencing sediment loads
in the river. The monsoon season, which accounts for 85 to 95% of total annual rainfall in the basin, is the main source of
water flow in the river. Almost 85 to 98% of annual sediment loads in the river are transported during the monsoon season
(June to November). The average annual sediment flux to the Arabian Sea at Garudeshwar (farthest downstream location) is 34.29×106 t year−1 with a water discharge of 23.57 km3 year−1. These numbers are the latest and revised estimates for Narmada River. Water flow in the river is influenced by rainfall,
catchment area and groundwater inputs, whereas rainfall intensity, geology/soil characteristics of the catchment area and
presence of reservoirs/dams play a major role in sediment discharge. The largest dam in the basin, namely Sardar Sarovar Dam,
traps almost 60–80% of sediments carried by the river before it reaches the Arabian Sea. 相似文献
56.
The role of clinopyroxene in producing grandite garnet is evaluatedusing data from an ultrahigh-temperature metamorphosed calc-silicategranulite occurrence in the Eastern Ghats Belt, India. Peakpressuretemperature conditions of metamorphism were previouslyconstrained from associated high MgAl granulites as c.0·9 GPa, >950°C, and the rocks were near-isobaricallycooled to c. 750°C. Grandite garnet of variable compositionwas produced by a number of reactions involving phases suchas clinopyroxene, scapolite, plagioclase, wollastonite and calcite,in closely spaced domains. Compositional heterogeneity is preservedeven on a microscale. This precludes pervasive fluid fluxingduring either the peak or the retrograde stage of metamorphism,and is further corroborated by computation of fluidrockratios. With the help of detailed textural and mineral compositionalstudies leading to formulation of balanced reactions, and usingan internally consistent thermodynamic dataset and relevantactivitycomposition relationships, new petrogenetic gridsare developed involving clinopyroxene in the system CaOAl2O3FeOSiO2CO2O2in TaCO2fO2 space to demonstrate the importanceof these factors in the formation of grandite garnet. Two singularcompositions in garnet-producing reactions in this system arededuced, which explain apparently anomalous textural relations.The possible role of an esseneite component in clinopyroxenein the production of grandite garnet is evaluated. It is concludedthat temperature and fO2 are the most crucial variables controllinggarnet composition in calc-silicate granulites. fO2, however,behaves as a dependent variable of CO2 in the fluid phase. Externalfluid fluxing of any composition is not necessary to producechemical heterogeneity of garnet solid solution. KEY WORDS: grandite garnet; role of clinopyroxene; internal buffering; oxidationdecarbonation equilibria 相似文献
57.
Snow load on mesh systems is complicated by many factors. This paper presents field instrumentation data on snow load variation with temperature, snowfall and snow depth on a mesh system. It was found that snow load pattern on mesh systems changed with temperature even without variation in snow depth. It reached its maximum value when the temperature rose just above freezing to melt the interface. The field data was used to formulate appropriate snow load models for the various conditions of temperature in the field. The snow load models were used to study the performance of a number of mesh systems in North America and estimate the interface friction that was prevalent for the different surface conditions. 相似文献
58.
利用2010—2012年6—8月西安市逐日电力负荷资料及对应时段地面观测站数据,分析了高温天气过程中日最大电力负荷的变化特征。结果发现,3年间西安地区共发生晴热天气过程5次,闷热天气过程4次,其中晴热天气过程发生在6月,闷热天气过程发生在7、8月,且闷热天气过程的电力负荷增长更加明显;利用日最高气温变化跟踪气象负荷的变化发现,日最高气温33℃为西安市气象负荷初始气温敏感点,35℃为强气温敏感点,38℃为极强气温敏感点;引入积温累积效应,建立了多元回归的电力气象负荷预测模型,经2013年夏季模型应用检验表明,日最大电力负荷预测平均误差为6.0%,能较好的模拟电力负荷的实际变化,对西安市夏季电力气象服务工作有指导意义。 相似文献
59.
中国天气网是中国气象局面向公众提供气象信息服务的核心门户。为适应其日益增长的访问量,并保障网站可用性及访问体验等要求,网站已建立包含可用性、用户体验、网站访问、网络、安全、系统和应用等多方面的综合监控系统。实现了可根据体验、可用性、成本、安全等多方面因素,可面向多种具体业务场景的灵活多样的负载调控手段。基于监控和调控,构建了经内容本地加速的多源站弹性架构。在访问体验、可用性、带宽容量、安全、成本、业务特性需求等多方面提升了网站能力。 相似文献
60.
This paper proposes a novel approach to analyze and design the formation keeping control protocols for multiple underwater vehicles in the presence of communication faults and possible uncertainties. First, we formulate the considered vehicle model as the Port-controlled Hamiltonian form, and introduce the spring-damping system based formation control. Next, the dynamics of multiple underwater vehicles under uncertain relative information is reformulated as a network of Lur’e systems. Moreover, the agents under unknown disturbances generated by an external system are considered, where the internal model is applied to tackle the uncertainties, which still can be regulated as the Lur’e systems. In each case, the formation control is derived from solving LMI problems. Finally, a numerical example is introduced to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical approach. 相似文献